Publications
2005
M. Benčina, K. Benčina, A. Štrancar, A. Podgornik
Journal of Chromatography A, 1065 (2005) 83–91(2005) 83–91
A deoxyribonuclease bioreactor was prepared by immobilization of deoxyribonuclease I through epoxy groups inherently present on poly (glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monoliths. Columns with various levels of DNase activity were prepared varying immobilization temperature, pH, time and method. The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant, Kmapp, and turnover number, k3app, for immobilized DNase determined by on-line frontal analysis method were, respectively, 0.28 g of DNA l-1 and 16 dA260nm min-1 mg-1 of immobilized DNase. The highest activity of immobilized DNase was detected at 1 mM calcium ions concentration and mirrored properties of free enzyme; however, reaction temperature in the range from 25 to 37 °C has no significant effect on activity of immobilized DNase in contrary to free enzyme. The CIM DNase bioreactor was used for elimination of DNA contaminants in RNA samples prior to reverse transcription followed by PCR.
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D. Forčić, K. Branovič Čakanič, J. Ivančič, R. Jug, M. Barut, A. Štrancar, R. Mazuran
Analytical Biochemistry 336 (2005) 273-278
Analysis of crude samples from biotechnological processes is often required to demonstrate that residual host cell impurities are reduced or eliminated during purification. Current knowledge suggests that a continuous-cell-line DNA can be considered a cellular contaminant rather than a significant risk factor requiring removal to extremely low levels. Anion-exchange chromatography is one of the most important methods used in the downstream processing and analysis of different biomolecules. In this article, an application using Convective Interaction Media monolithic columns to improve the detection of residual cellular DNA is described.
S. Jerman, A. Podgornik, K. Cankar, N. Čadež, M. Skrt, J. Žel, P. Raspor
Journal of Chromatography A 1065 (2005) 107-113
The availability of sufficient quantities of DNA of adequate quality is crucial in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for genetically modified food detection. In this work, the suitability of anion-exchange CIM (Convective Interaction Media; Sartorius BIA Separations, Ljubljana, Slovenia) monolithic columns for isolation of DNA from food was studied. Maize and its derivates corn meal and thermally pre-treated corn meal were chosen as model food. Two commercially available CIM disk columns were tested: DEAE (diethylaminoethyl) and QA (quaternary amine). Preliminary separations were performed with standard solution of salmon DNA at different pH values and different NaCl concentrations in mobile phase. DEAE groups and pH 8 were chosen for further isolations of DNA from a complex matrix—food extract. The quality and quantity of isolated DNA were tested on agarose gel electrophoresis, with UV-scanning spectrophotometry, and by amplification with real-time PCR. DNA isolated in this way was of suitable quality for further PCR analyses. The described method is also applicable for DNA isolation from processed foods with decreased DNA content. Furthermore, it is more effective and less time-consuming in comparison with the existing proposed methods for isolation of DNA from plant-derived foods.
D. Forčić, K. Branović-Čakanić, J. Ivančić, R. Jug, M. Barut, A. Štrancar
Journal of Chromatography A 1065 (2005) 115-120
The isolation and purification of nucleic acids is essential for many procedures in molecular biology. After showing that bacterial and eukaryotic genomic DNA can be specifically bound to the CIM DEAE monolithic column, this characteristic was exploited in development of a simple and fast chromatographic procedure for isolation and purification of genomic DNA from cell lysates that does not include the usage of toxic organic solutions. The purity and the quality of the isolate as well as the duration of the procedure was similar to other chromatographic methods used today for isolation of genomic DNA, but the initial sample volume was not restricted.
J. Urthaler, R. Schlegl, A. Podgornik, A. Štrancar, A. Jungbauer, R. Necina
Journal of Chromatography A 1065 (2005) 93-106
The demand of high-purity plasmid DNA (pDNA) for gene-therapy and genetic vaccination is still increasing. For the large scale production of pharmaceutical grade plasmids generic and economic purification processes are needed. Most of the current processes for pDNA production use at least one chromatography step, which always constitutes as the key-step in the purification sequence. Monolithic chromatographic supports are an alternative to conventional supports due to their excellent mass transfer properties and their high binding capacity for pDNA. Anion-exchange chromatography is the most popular chromatography method for plasmid separation, since polynucleotides are negatively charged independent of the buffer conditions. For the implementation of a monolith-based anion exchange step into a pDNA purification process detailed screening experiments were performed. These studies included supports, ligand-types and ligand-densities and optimization of resolution and productivity. For this purpose model plasmids with a size of 4.3 and 6.9 kilo base pairs (kbp) were used. It could be shown, that up-scaling to the production scale using 800 ml CIM Convective Interaction Media radial flow monoliths is possible under low pressure conditions. CIM DEAE was successfully implemented as intermediate step of the cGMP pDNA manufacturing process. Starting from 200 l fermentation aliquots pilot scale purification runs were performed in order to prove scale-up and to predict further up-scaling to 8 l tube monolithic columns. The analytical results obtained from these runs confirmed suitability for pharmaceutical applications.
M. Peterka, P. Kramberger, A. Štrancar
WANG, Perry G. (ur.). Monolithic chromatography and its modern applications. St Albans: ILM publications, 2010, pg. 489-508
Downstream processing (DSP) for purification can become a significant bottleneck in the production of novel biotherapeutics, such as viral vectors and vaccines (viral or DNA). Although different techniques can be used for the purification of large molecules and particles, liquid chromatography is the preferred method as it achieves the purity required by regulatory agencies. Despite the popularity of conventional chromatographic media, the diffusional mass transfer of large molecules and relatively small pore size remain limiting factors for the efficient separation of large biomolecules and particles. Methacrylate monoliths are a single-piece chromatographic support that consists of a highly porous material with an interconnected network of channels. The transport mechanism is predominantly based on convection, which allows rapid mass transfer between the mobile and stationary phase and so results in short separation times. Additionally, most of the active sites are located in the open, large channel structure and are therefore easily accessible, which results in a high DBC (DBC) for large molecules and viral particles. These characteristics make methacrylate monoliths an ideal chromatographic support for the separation and purification of extremely large molecules, such as large proteins, different types of DNA and virus particles.
2004
A. Podgornik, J. Jančar, M. Merhar, S. Kozamernik, D. Glover, K. Čuček, M. Barut, A. Štrancar
J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 60 (2004) 179–189
Monoliths represent a special class of chromatographic supports. In contrast to other stationary phases, they consist of a single piece of highly porous material through which a sample is mainly transported by convection. As a consequence, monoliths enable fast separations and exhibit flow-unaffected properties, which make them attractive for purification of macromolecules like proteins or DNA. In this work, methacrylate-based monolithic columns with the bed volume up to 8000 ml are characterized. They perform high-resolution separations of several hundreds of grams of proteins per hour by utilizing liter per minute flow rates. They are incompressible under these operating conditions and resistant to strong alkaline conditions.
T. Hall, D. C. Wood, C. E. Smith
Journal of Chromatography A, 1041 (2004) 87–93(2004) 87–93
Monolithic media were compared with Q- and SP-Sepharose high performance chromatography for preparative purification and with Q- and SP-5PW chromatography for analysis of a pegylated form of myelopoietin (MPO), an engineered hematopoietic growth factor. The use of either monolithic or Sepharose based supports for preparative chromatography produced highly purified pegylated MPO with the monolithic media demonstrating peak resolution and repeatability at flow rates of 1 and 5 ml/min resulting in run times as much as five-fold shorter compared to Sepharose separations. The monolithic disks also resulted in 10-fold shorter run times for the analytical chromatography, however, their chromatographic profiles and peak symmetry were not as sharp compared to their Q-5PW and SP-5PW counterparts.
E. Vlakh, A. Novikov, G. Vlasov, T. Tennikova
Journal of Peptide Science, 10: 719–730 (2004)
Monoliths based on a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) can be used directly as sorbents for affinity chromatography after solid phase peptide synthesis. The quality of the synthesized products, the amount of grown peptides on a support and the reproducibility of the process must be considered. A determination of the quantity of the introducing β-Ala (and, consequently, the total amount of synthesized peptide) was carried out. Three peptides complementary to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) have been synthesized using Fmoc-chemistry on GMA-EDMA disks. The peptidyl ligands were analysed by amino acid analysis, ES-MS and HPLC methods.
The affinity binding parameters were obtained from frontal elution data. The results were compared with those established for GMA-EDMA affinity sorbents formed by the immobilization of the same but separately synthesized and purified ligands. The immobilization on GMA-EDMA disks was realized using a one-step reaction between the amino groups of the synthetic ligand and the original epoxy groups of monolithic material. The affinity constants found for two kinds of sorbent did not vary significantly. Finally, the directly obtained affinity sorbents were tested for t-PA separation from a cellular supernatant.
D. Ren, N. A. Penner, B. E. Slentz, H. D. Inerowicz, M. Rybalko, F. E. Regnier
Journal of Chromatography A, 1031 (2004) 87–92(2004) 87–92
Immobilized copper(II) affinity chromatography [Cu(II)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC)] has been used in proteomics to simplify sample mixtures by selecting histidine-containing peptides from proteolytic digests. This paper examines the specificity of four different support materials with an iminodiacetic acid (IDA) stationary phase in the selection of only histidine-containing peptides in the single step capture-release mode. Three of the sorbents examined were commercially available: HiTrap Chelating HP (agarose), TSK Chelate-5PW, and Poros 20MC. IDA was also immobilized on CIM discs (monolithic glycidylmethacrylate-ethylene dimethacrylate). Tryptic digests of transferrin and β-galactosidase were used as model samples to evaluate these sorbents. It was found that among the examined matrices, the TSK Chelate-5PW sorbent bound histidine-containing peptides the strongest, while Poros matrix was found to have a high degree of non-specific bindings. Agarose-based columns showed relatively high selectivity and specificity.
E. G. Vlakh, A. Tappe, C. Kasper, T. B. Tennikova
Journal of Chromatography B, 810 (2004) 15–23
Plasminogen activators are the proteases which convert plasminogen into plasmin dissolving, in its turn, the major component of blood clots, fibrin. They are extremely useful in heart attack therapy. Modern and most appropriate way of scaled up production of these valuable proteins is gene engineering. In this case, a separation and a purification of target product become the important steps of the whole process. Recently developed affinity chromatography on short monolithic columns seems to be a very attractive method for these purposes. High speed of a process prevents the protein’s denaturation due to temperature or/and solvents influence. The better mass transfer mechanism (convection rather than diffusion) allows considering only biospecific complexing as time limiting step. Specificity of several synthetic peptides to plasminogen activators have been studied by affinity chromatography on short monolithic columns. Peptide ligands were synthesized by conventional solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The immobilization procedure was carried out as a one step process at static conditions. The results of quantitative evaluation of such affinity interactions were compared with those established for plasminogen that is the natural affinity counterpart to both proteases. Additionally, some of investigated peptides were synthesized directly on GMA–EDMA disks and their affinity properties were compared with those established for the case of immobilized ligands. The possibility of using of synthetic peptidyl ligands for plasminogen activators isolation from native cell supernatant and model protein mixtures has been demonstrated.
D. G. Glover, M. Barut, A. Podgornik, M. Peterka, A. Štrancar
BioProcess International, Oct 2004, 58-63
The sequencing of the human genome and the rise of proteomics have increased the numbers of potential therapeutic targets. Biotechnology companies need to increase productivity, decrease discovery and production costs, and use technologies that easily transfer across departments if they wish to remain competitive. The most important tools are those for separation (purification) of target substance(s). They should be easy to use and offer an identical performance and purification profile no matter where they are implemented — in discovery, production, or quality assurance (QA).
CIM Convective Interaction Media short monolithic columns are just such a unifying technology. Produced in shapes and sizes from microliter to liter scale, they represent an evolutionary approach to meeting biochromatographic separation requirements in research and product development. Able to withstand 1 M NaOH with no loss of capacity or resolution, these easily scalable columns have been optimized for analysis and cGMP production of complex biomolecules ranging from oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA (pDNA) to proteins and viruses.
E. G. Vlakh, A. Tappe, C. Kasper, T. B. Tennikova
Journal of Chromatography B, 810 (2004) 15–23
Plasminogen activators are the proteases which convert plasminogen into plasmin dissolving, in its turn, the major component of blood clots, fibrin. They are extremely useful in heart attack therapy. Modern and most appropriate way of scaled up production of these valuable proteins is gene engineering. In this case, a separation and a purification of target product become the important steps of the whole process. Recently developed affinity chromatography on short monolithic columns seems to be a very attractive method for these purposes. High speed of a process prevents the protein’s denaturation due to temperature or/and solvents influence. The better mass transfer mechanism (convection rather than diffusion) allows considering only biospecific complexing as time limiting step. Specificity of several synthetic peptides to plasminogen activators have been studied by affinity chromatography on short monolithic columns. Peptide ligands were synthesized by conventional solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The immobilization procedure was carried out as a one step process at static conditions. The results of quantitative evaluation of such affinity interactions were compared with those established for plasminogen that is the natural affinity counterpart to both proteases. Additionally, some of investigated peptides were synthesized directly on GMA–EDMA disks and their affinity properties were compared with those established for the case of immobilized ligands. The possibility of using of synthetic peptidyl ligands for plasminogen activators isolation from native cell supernatant and model protein mixtures has been demonstrated.
E. G. Vlakh, A. Tappe, C. Kasper, T. B. Tennikova
Journal of Chromatography B, 810 (2004) 15–23
Plasminogen activators are the proteases which convert plasminogen into plasmin dissolving, in its turn, the major component of blood clots, fibrin. They are extremely useful in heart attack therapy. Modern and most appropriate way of scaled up production of these valuable proteins is gene engineering. In this case, a separation and a purification of target product become the important steps of the whole process. Recently developed affinity chromatography on short monolithic columns seems to be a very attractive method for these purposes. High speed of a process prevents the protein’s denaturation due to temperature or/and solvents influence. The better mass transfer mechanism (convection rather than diffusion) allows considering only biospecific complexing as time limiting step. Specificity of several synthetic peptides to plasminogen activators have been studied by affinity chromatography on short monolithic columns. Peptide ligands were synthesized by conventional solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The immobilization procedure was carried out as a one step process at static conditions. The results of quantitative evaluation of such affinity interactions were compared with those established for plasminogen that is the natural affinity counterpart to both proteases. Additionally, some of investigated peptides were synthesized directly on GMA–EDMA disks and their affinity properties were compared with those established for the case of immobilized ligands. The possibility of using of synthetic peptidyl ligands for plasminogen activators isolation from native cell supernatant and model protein mixtures has been demonstrated.
E. Vlakh, N. Ostryanina, A. Jungbauer, T. Tennikova
Journal of Biotechnology 107 (2004) 275–284
Present report demonstrates the examples of practical application of sorbents obtained via direct solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) on GMA-EDMA monoliths (CIM® Disks, BIA Separations, d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenia). Several peptidyl complementary to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) ligands have been synthesized using Fmoc-chemistry. This approach affords to get directly sorbents for affinity chromatography avoiding a cleavage of synthesized peptides from a carrier following by their isolation, analysis and purification. The affinity binding parameters were found from experimental frontal analysis data. The results have been compared with those established for CIM® affinity sorbents obtained by immobilization of the same but preliminarily synthesized on convenient resin, cleaved and purified ligands on the disks using one step reaction with epoxy groups of monolithic material. It has been shown that the affinity constants of these two kinds of sorbent did not vary significantly. Directly obtained affinity sorbents have been used for fast and efficient on-line analysis as well as semi-preparative isolation of recombinant t-PA from crude cellular supernatant.
2003
I. Mihelič, T. Koloini, A. Podgornik
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 87, 2326-2334 (2003)
Monolithic stationary phases are becoming increasingly important in the field of liquid chromatography. Methacrylate-based monoliths are produced via free-radical bulk polymerization. The preparation of large-volume monoliths is a major problem because the intensive heat released during polymerization causes distortion of the porous monolithic structure. This work presents experimental measurements of temperature distributions during polymerization in moulds of different sizes and at various experimental conditions. A mathematical model for the prediction of temporal and spatial temperature distribution during the polymerization of methacrylate-based monolithic columns is introduced. The polymerization is described by an unsteady-state heat conduction equation with the generation of heat related to the general kinetics of polymerization. Predictions from the mathematical model are in good agreement with the experimental measurements at different experimental conditions. A method for construction of large-volume monolithic columns is presented and an attempt is made to adopt the developed mathematical model in annular geometry.
P. Milavec Žmak, H. Podgornik, J. Jančar, A. Podgornik, A. Štrancar
Journal of Chromatography A, 1006 (2003) 195–205
Convective Interaction Media (CIM) columns are monolithic columns optimized for the separation of macromolecules. Some of them operate in the axial mode while others operate in the radial mode depending on the column size. In this work we tested the approach suggested by Yamamoto [Biotechnol. Bioeng., 48 (1995) 444] for transfer of gradient methods between columns of different size. A simplified equation for transfer was derived together with a criterion for its application. Separation was evaluated for a standard protein mixture and peroxidase enzymes present in fermentation broth. Salt and pH gradients were applied. Similar resolutions were obtained for each sample on all columns which demonstrates that the proposed approach can be successfully used for method scale-up on this type of column.
M. Merhar, A. Podgornik, M. Barut, M. Žigon, A. Štrancar
J. Sep. Sci. 2003, 26, 322–330
Methacrylate-based monoliths are formed during radical copolymerization as a consequence of the precipitation of polymeric chains from the reaction mixture, which consists of monomers, initiator, and the porogenic solvents. The effect of various methacrylate monomers on the porous structure of the monolith was investigated. Although the chemical structure of the monomers significantly affects the size of the pores and the porosity, the mechanism of pore formation in the case of the precipitation during polymerization is preserved. The porous structure was further correlated with the specific surface area, pressure drop, and dynamic binding capacity of the monoliths studied.
A. Podgornik, M. Barut, A. Štrancar
Encyclopedia of Chromatography DOI: 10.1081/E-ECHR 120016288, 2003
Chromatographic columns are typically several centimeters in length, resulting in a high number of column plates, and, consequently, such columns have high efficiency. These properties allow even very similar molecules to be separated. This is especially true for smaller molecules, where the separation is based on selective migration. For large molecules, a different separation mechanism is usually required. Large molecules normally interact with the matrix at several binding sites. Consequently, their adsorption isotherms are very steep, almost rectangular. For such molecules, there exists only a very narrow mobile phase range within which they interact with the active moieties on the stationary phase, but are not irreversibly retained. To elute them from the matrix, a change of the mobile phase composition is required. Therefore the separation is based upon the selective elution and requires the use of gradient chromatographic methods. For this type of separation, the column length is less important and the efficient separations can be achieved even with extremely short columns.
K. Branović, A. Buchacher, M. Barut, A. Štrancar, D. Josić
Journal of Chromatography B, 790 (2003) 175–182
It has been shown in a previous study that monolithic columns can be used for downstream processing of different concentrates of clotting factor IX [K. Branović et al., J. Chromatogr. A 903 (2000) 21]. This paper demonstrates that such supports are useful tools also at an early stage of the purification process of factor IX from human plasma. Starting with the eluate after solid-phase extraction with DEAE-Sephadex, the use of monolithic columns has allowed much better purification than that achieved with conventional anion-exchange supports. The period of time required for separation is also much reduced. In up-scaling experiments, separations are carried out with 8, 80 and 500 ml columns. A volume of 1830 ml of DEAE-Sephadex eluate, containing a total of 27.6 g of protein and 48.500 IU of factor IX is applied to the 500 ml monolithic column. This corresponds to a separation on a pilot scale. The results of this separation after up-scaling are comparable to those obtained with the 8 ml column on a laboratory scale.