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2022

First chromatographic step in industrial platform using monoliths is a capture step, where rAAV is selectively bound to strong cation exchanger (SO3) in acidic pH conditions (1,2). In this step majority of host cell contaminants are removed and rAAV is strongly bound to the matrix. Productivity of the step is therefore strongly influenced by the dynamic binding capacity (DBC). DBC is dependent on the sample preparation prior to chromatography and the availability of the binding sites at the chromatographic matrix.

Due to increasing demand for rAAV quantity and quality for clinical manufacturing, large volumes of upstream produced material are being purified on industrial scale. At this point, rAAV capture is a first chromatographic step to be optimized for optimal selection of the chromatographic parameters. Doing this, SO3 monolithic columns can be used with their full potential. To reduce the development time using multi-factor screening and increase comparability during downstream process development, CIM® SO3 monolithic 96-well plates were introduced to Sartorius BIA Separations portfolio. Obtained results on small scale can be applied to the CIMmultus™ line, which is scalable to large industrial volume.

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2019

Polyclonal anti-HSA antibodies were immobilised on CIMmic™ HDZ (hydrazide chemistry, 100 μL bed volume), following an optimised protocol. This CIMmic™ α-HSA column was prepared to quantitatively remove human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant plasma protein in humans, and obtain albumin-free samples which can be further processed.
The CIMmic™ α-HSA column is optimized to selectively bind and remove HSA from plasma; albumins from other sources are bound with low efficiency. HSA depletion is carried out in two steps: (i) a loading step in which the diluted and filtered plasma sample is loaded into the column, HSA is bound and HSA-depleted plasma is collected downstream of the column and (ii) a regeneration step in which the bound HSA is removed and the column is regenerated.

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Pre-activated CIMmic™ Monolithic Columns are used as a basis for preparation of small volume affinity chromatographic columns as well as enzyme reactors. Small bed volume and flexible design makes them a powerful tool for screening purposes and immobilization protocol optimizations. Range of covalently bound ligands is wide and includes diverse set of proteins, peptides, nucleotides and other affinity ligands. The covalent nature of the bond between the ligand and matrix reduces leaching and improves stability and reusability. Reaction conditions must cater to their specific physiochemical nature.


Successful preparation of an affinity column includes a decision on the appropriate matrix chemistry and determination of an optimal immobilization protocol. Presented case study explores the basics of a coupling protocol optimization using covalent immobilization of Recombinant Prokaryotic Lectins (RPL-Gal1) on CIMmic CDI-0.1 and CIMmic ALD-0.1 columns, as an example. Carboxy imidazole (CDI) and aldehyde (ALD) activated CIMmic™ columns are used for covalent immobilization of amine or thiol containing molecules.

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CIMmic™ Monolithic Columns combine the advantages of the CIM® stationary phase with a flexible design and the possibility to operate with syringe. Discs containing the stationary phase can be easily interchanged inside the custom designed housing. Pre-activated chemistries enable immobilisation of numerous ligands and can be used for preparation of affinity chromatographic columns or enzyme reactors. Their small bed volume is particularly suitable for screening purposes and to optimise immobilisation protocols due to economic usage of often expensive ligands.

Carboxy imidazole (CDI) monolithic chromatographic columns are used for covalent immobilisation of proteins, peptides and other amine or thiol containing molecules. The covalent nature of the carbamate bond between the ligand and matrix reduces leaching and improves stability and reusability.

An example described below shows the feasibility of CIMmic™ CDI-0.1 utilisation for covalent immobilisation of recombinant protein A (r-pA). Additionally the example was used for the evaluation of the reproducibility of CIMmic™ CDI columns. The dynamic binding capacity for human polyclonal immunoglobulin (IgG) was used as metric for comparison of the affinity columns.

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2018

Bottom-up proteomic approach based on tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a method of choice for identification and quantitation of proteins in the complex biological samples. Followed by quantitative analysis of a protein sample, this approach enables the identification of putative biomarkers for early pathology diagnostics and differentiation. The main challenges confronting this analysis are suppression of low-abundance ions and the limited dynamic range of MS/MS.
Affinity depletion of abundant proteins is an important stage in routine sample preparation prior to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis of biological samples. One such protein is Human Serum Albumin (HSA). In this study, polyclonal αHSA antibodies were immobilised onto a chromatography support to use as immunoaffinity-based column (CIMac™ HDZ -αHSA) for HSA depletion from embryo culture media for in vitro fertilization (IVF).

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As an alternative to conventional particle-packed columns for liquid chromatography, CIM® monolithic supports can be used.1-3 They are extremely permeable and allow very efficient mass transport at low back pressures and good separation efficiency at high flow rates. Consequently, the time of chromatographic separation can be shortened. Such characteristics are very valuable in speciation analysis where preservation of the integrity of individual chemical species of a given element is of crucial importance.4,5 CIM® monolithic disks can be placed together in one housing forming so-called conjoint liquid chromatography (CLC), which combines two different chromatographic modes in one step.
For better understanding of anticancer therapy with Pt-based chemotherapeutics, the quality of pharmaceutical formulations must be assured and the behaviour of the drugs studied by separation and detection of the intact drug and its individual biotransformation species in clinical samples at therapeutically relevant levels. To study the interactions of Pt-based chemotherapeutics with serum proteins, two-dimensional chromatographic separation of serum proteins was suggested, combining size-exclusion and CIM DEAE monolithic.6 Since this procedure is time consuming the potential of the use of CLC was investigated.

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2017

Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is a frequent cause of respiratory tract illness, ranging from common cold to severe disease. The research on coronaviruses and medical application of coronaviral vectors/vaccines requires a quality material of high purity. Unfortunately, virus preparations are highly contaminated with cell debris and purification requires laborious, cost-ineffective procedures.
Here, we report a simple and efficient method for coronavirus concentration and purification by the example of HCoV-OC43. To achieve this, virus chromatography was performed on CIM QA monolithic columns (Sartorius BIA Separations), with immobilized positively charged quaternary amines. The quality of the obtained virus stock was assessed with SDS Page electrophoresis, followed by Western blot analysis. Finally, infectivity of recovered virus was evaluated by titration.

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2016

Influenza vaccines are still predominantly produced in embryonated chicken eggs and the purification processes barely have changed during the years. There is a growing need for fast, efficient and economical vaccine production.
So far, monolithic supports have been used successfully in virus purification and concentration, as well as in the purification of virus-like particles (VLP) propagated in cell cultures.
Therefore, our aim was to prove the applicability of monoliths in purification of influenza virus A propagated in embryonated chicken eggs.

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Monoclonal antibody (mAb) charge variants have gained considerable attention in the biotechnology industry, due to their potential influence on stability and biological activity of the active pharmaceutical. Cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) is historically one of the typical approaches for mAb purification and characterization, especially charge variant analysis. We have proven the flow independent separation of mAb charge variants using CIMac COOH monolithic column in a pH gradient. In this way, a resolution comparable to classical CEX particulate-based analytical columns was achieved in only 6 min analysis time. Therefore a CIMac COOH column is a perfect choice for fast Process Analytical Control (PAT) of purified mAb samples.

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Transferrin (Tf) is a glycoprotein that transports iron to cells and has two N-glycosylation sites in humans – at asparagine 432 and asparagine 630. Carbohydrate-deficient Tf, which lacks one or both N-glycans, is the most common marker for congenital disorders of glycosylation.1 Altered Tf glycosylation has also been reported in hepatocellular carcinoma2 and chronic alcohol consumption.3,4 High-throughput Tf purification and glycan characterisation methods are under extensive development in order to facilitate screening of glycosylation patterns for population, genetic and clinical studies.

This application note describes the development of an immunoaffinity purification method on a CIMac™ analytical column with immobilised anti-transferrin antibodies (@Tf) and the successful transfer of the method to the monolithic 96-well plate (CIM® @Tf-0.2 monolithic 96-well plate). The affinity purification method has been used for Tf isolation from human blood plasma followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis of Tf N-glycosylation.

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Downstream processing of viruses in virus vaccine or virus vector production accounts for up to 70% of the overall production costs. Immunoaffinity chromatography is a powerful purification technique due to its high specificity but is disadvantageous by the fact that the elution conditions are often detrimental for both the immobilized proteins and target antigens, especially viruses.
This application note describes the mumps virus purification using monolith-based immunoaffinity stationary phase and recently invented native elution of the bound viruses using amino acid solutions under physiological pH.
 

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CIMac™ r-Protein A Analytical Column is a short bed, high performance monolithic column. It is intended for fast, efficient, and reproducible qualitative and quantitative analyses of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and suitable for use with HPLC and UPLC systems. Quantification of IgG is possible between 0.2 μg and 20 μg. Its small volume and short column length allow operation at high volumetric flow rates (up to 3 mL/min). The information about product quantity and purity is thus generated in just 1 minute! The column has an innovative symmetric design for bi-directional flow contributing to longer lifetime.

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The CIMacTM antibody immobilization platform enables an elegant immobilization of antibodies, which can be used as immunosorbents in specific diagnostic applications as well as in downstream processes. In this work we show the dependence of the coupling strategy on CIM monolith with the chromatographic efficiency of final immunoaffinity adsorbent. Different activation chemistries  were tested for the immobilization of two model monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with subsequent chromatographic characterization of the affinity support.

Column used for this application note were CIMac CDI, AE, EDA, HDZ, rpA.

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2015

Determining the concentration of viruses is a crucial step in any production process. The most commonly used methods for virus quantification are either based on the infectivity of the virus (plaque assay, TCID50) determination of their genomic material (qPCR), or protein content (SRID, ELISA) and are very cumbersome and time consuming. HPLC analytical methods represent a fast alternative to these assays since they provide information on the virus content and purity in a matter of minutes. In addition to that, the data obtained is very reproducible and accurate.


For any kind of quantification, a calibration curve obtained with a virus standard is needed. The work presented in this application note shows the excellent performance of the CIMac™ Adeno Analytical Column – a monolith based anion exchange column, designed for fast and reproducible analyses of adenoviruses.

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Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)-based vectors of various serotypes are considered to have high potential in human gene therapy and genetic vaccination applications. During manufacturing of AAV vectors undesired, incomplete particles are co-produced. They lack recombinant viral genomes and consist of empty capsid proteins only. Empty capsids increase the required dose of AAV virus for medical applications and are thought to cause immunological reactions against the vector capsid, leading to unwanted side effects. Removal of empty capsids during manufacturing, as well as the ability to quantify the amount of empty AAV particle content in a formulation is hence a critical requirement for any AAV production process.


Current methods for preparative separation of empty capsids (CsCl or iodixanol gradients) are challenging to scale-up and are not suitable for large-scale production. Furthermore, analytical methods for detection of empty capsids and determination of full to empty particle ratio (electron microscope (EM) assay, total particle assay [ELISA] combined with genome copy titration [qPCR]) are time- and labour consuming, influenced by operator technique or do not provide readily available reagents for different serotypes of AAV.


A new approach for separation of full and empty AAV8 particles by exploiting minor charge differences is presented in this application note. By using linear gradient elution on a CIM QA Disk Monolithic Column, a simple, rapid and reproducible assay for analysis of AAV particles is introduced. The method was successfully applied to AAV8 particles prepared by two different manufacturing processes.

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The CIMac™ antibody immobilisation platform enables an elegant immobilisation of antibodies, which can be used as immunoaffinity adsorbents in specific diagnostic applications. Immobilization of antibodies to solid chromatographic supports is avery elegant solution for preparation of reusable immunoaffinity assays that can lower the price but also increase the accuracy and lower the limit of detection of biological assays for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, it is important that reusing a column for multiple sample analysis does not affect chromatographic/analysis performance. In this application note, an example of reusability of the hydrazide-based CIMac™ column ( HDZ ) with immobilised monoclonal antifibrinogen for consecutive purification of fibrinogen from human plasma is shown.

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In diagnostic applications, fibrinogen is measured with clotting activity assay variations, together with other blood clotting factors. In research and preparative applications, larger quantities of anti-coagulants, such as EDTA and citrate, or coagulants such as Ca2+ are present in the samples, preventing successful and/or accurate fibrinogen concentration measurements. In such cases an alternative measurement method is needed.
The CIMac™ antibody immobilisation platform provides an elegant solution for immobilisation of antibodies, which are used as immunoaffinity adsorbents. It has been shown that several analytical runs can be performed on a single column. This simplicity is also combined with a fast method, where a chromatographic analysis can be completed in 4 min. Used column was hydrazide ( HDZ )-based CIMac™ column.

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Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors of various serotypes are considered to have high potential for gene therapy applications. Currently, manufacturing of AAV vectors faces the challenge of co-production of incompletely formed particles lacking a recombinant viral genome. Empty capsids increase the dose of total AAV administered for efficient transduction and are thought to cause unwanted immunological reactions against the virus. Removal of empty capsids during manufacturing, as well as analysis of empty/full AAV particle content is therefore a critical requirement for any AAV production process. This Application Note demonstrates how CIMmultus QA monolithic columns can be used to remove empty AAV capsids from the product chromatographically in a single step.

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2014

Orthoreoviruses are dsRNA, non-enveloped viruses that can cause severe enteric and respiratory infections in humans and other animals. It is speculated that these viruses might be an important zoonotic pathogen. As such, orthoreoviruses can cause infections of undetermined etiology which are difficult to resolve. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a new technology which enables gathering a huge amount of genomic information from a sample in a short period of time. NGS is being increasingly applied in animal screenings for pathogen discovery and has a great potential in clinical microbiological diagnostics. However, the preparation of high-quality and high-quantity nucleic acid samples is a major concern for efficient application of the method.


CIM QA® disk in combination with NGS was used for discovering a novel reovirus in stool samples of a child with gastroenteritis infection of undetermined etiology. Two different starting samples were compared: clarified stool suspension and supernatant from cell culture inoculated with clarified stool suspension.

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The demand for human normal immunoglobulin is invariably increasing on an annual basis. To satisfy increasing demands, different manufacturing processes are used to isolate immunoglobulins from human plasma. A quest for alternative paths in manufacturing not only requires development of most economical manufacturing process, but also rapid method development and development of good analytics for monitoring of manufacturing. For an efficient development of the purification methods as well as for in-process control during manufacturing stage, the uses of reliable and fast analytical techniques are crucial.
Fast and reliable fingerprint-based method for characterization of immunoglobulin G (IgG) prepared from Cohn I+II+III paste in two chromatographic steps is presented here. The fingerprint method bases on partial separation of proteins in linear gradient on CIMac™ QA 0.1 mL column. Partial separation of proteins does not allow simple quantitative analysis of the samples, however a very accurate qualitative information about the composition of the sample being analyzed can be obtained in less than 5 minutes.

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